Support for Gypsies and Travellers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Backing for Gypsies and Travelers - Essay Example As indicated by Gypsies and Travelers (2006) unapproved destinations could be grouped into two classifications. One such sort is the unapproved places to stay wherein the rovers or explorers are stopped illicitly ashore not having a place with them. The other kind is called unapproved advancements which are depicted as locales where they own the land yet without the necessary arranging consent (Fraser 2007). Different gatherings, who are monetarily proficient pick to move into changeless lodging yet are still socially marked as wanderers (Keltcher 2004). There are no official figures in regards to the all out number of British tramps and explorers. In any case, in Keltcher (2004) gauges the size of these gatherings set up living in troops to be between 90,000 to 12,000 barring the 200,000 living in settled houses. The July 2004 measurements (in Keltcher 2004) detailed that a sum of 847 parades of which 562 were in approved locales, 76 on approved private destinations and 209 on unapp roved places to stay. Thomas (2006) refered to that the poor settlement and the deficiency of locales to remain is probably the most serious issue looked by the voyagers. This is the nonstop affliction that the administration invests energy to scan for cure. There were no polices against the vagabonds as far as their monetary commitment during the nineteenth century. (Acton 1997) However in the twentieth century, due to the financial changes, their exchanges got old and they had to move out of their place to stay locales. Acton (1997) clarified that less fortunate rovers resort to troop while the wealthier ones started to purchase land. Anyway this was cut off by the 1960 Caravan Sites (Control of Development) Act (O'nions 1995). Such occasions prompted the development of the Gypsy Council on December 1966 (Thomas 2006). They requested campgrounds to open in each nation, equivalent rights to training and equivalent remaining through regard among themselves and the effectively settled neighbors (O'nion 1995). The administration at that point ordered the Caravan Sites Act in 1968 (Acton 1997). Segment 6 of this Act gave the Local Government an obligatory obligation to give sufficient facilities for the rovers living or remaining in their g eneral vicinity (O'nion 1995). Consequently of such move, the Local Government can apply to the Secretary of State to turn into an assigned region (Thomas 2006) Section 10 likewise gave assigned Authorities extra powers to expel Gypsies from unapproved land inside their administered regions (O'nion 1995). These forces were enormously disdained on the grounds that they were conceded even before all the Gypsies in a zone had a spot to remain (Acton 1997). The heavenly arrangement went on for a brief timeframe. In 1977, Sir John Cripps audited the execution and revealed that this Act was not appropriately actualized. A significant number of the wanderers despite everything had no lawful right of dwelling place and cultural weights are as yet obvious. Sir Cripps suggested that the focal Government must give subsidizing. (Local Spatial Strategy Draft 2000) This was likewise not the cure on the grounds that numerous Local Authorities despite everything neglect to consent to their legal ob ligation (O'nions 1995). The Councils overlooked the new arranging roundabout that called them to help Travelers to distinguish land they could get themselves and be created as destinations. This depended on the lack of destinations accordingly constraining the rovers to live on unapproved places to stay (Thomas 2006). The rovers or voyagers moved to unapproved

Civil Disobedience Essay example -- Papers Thoreau Laws Morals Essays

Common Disobedience Works Cited Not Included I accept that common rebellion is legitimized as a strategy for attempting to change the law. I feel that common insubordination is an outflow of one's perspectives. In the event that somebody is happy to violate a law for what they have confidence in, more capacity to them! Common insubordination is characterized as, the refusal to comply with the requests or orders of a legislature or possessing power, without falling back on brutality or dynamic proportions of resistance (Webster's Dictionary). This refusal for the most part appears as aloof obstruction. Its standard object is to drive concessions from the administration or possessing power. Common defiance has been a significant strategy and theory of patriot developments in Africa and India, in the social equality development of U.S. blacks, and of work and hostile to war developments in numerous nations. Individuals rehearsing common defiance violate a law since they think of it as unfair and plan to point out it. In his exposi tion, Common Disobedience, American creator Henry David Thoreau put forward the essential principles of common noncompliance just because. The autonomy of India in the 1930's was to a great extent a consequence of the peaceful opposition by Mohandas Gandhi to the British pilgrim laws. In the United States, the nonmilitant endeavors of Martin Luther King, Jr., realized social equality enactment. There are various models that represent how thoughtful defiance is defended. In late 1955 Rosa Parks, a main individual from the neighborhood office of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was imprisoned for declining to surrender her seat to a white traveler. I don't accuse Parks at all for what she did. The African American individuals needed to stand firm on some issue... ...since it isn't all in all correct to boycott a bit of writing regardless of how deceptive it is. These laws limit human opportunity and frustrate suddenness. I think there are consistently times while ignoring a law is ethically legitimized. They are now and again out of line and severe; sound judgment, social custom, and religion as of now give enough direction; and ethical quality can never be enacted (Kessler 154). Thoreau contended that any given law isn't as high or not above what you put stock in or what your cognizant lets you know is correct. We as a whole have an ethical obligation to comply with our still, small voices (Kessler 154). I trust it is extremely clear how I remain regarding the matter of common rebellion. Subsequent to inquiring about this subject and figuring my own sentiments I have taken in a lot about my ethics and myself. It just stuns me when I think about the achievements of individuals like King, Gandhi, and Thoreau.

Climate Change Impact on Water Resources-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Climate Change Impact on Water Resources. Answer: Presentation The environmental change alludes to the adjustment in the measurable circulation of the different climate designs that goes on for an all-inclusive period. The environmental change is additionally the adjustment in the normal states of the climate or the time distinction of the climate that happens in a long haul. The reasons for the environmental change are the biotic procedures and the human exercises that are being performed. These components are called as the atmosphere constraining which are the procedures as the radiation from the sun, the varieties in the circle of the earth, the adjustments in the convergence of the green house gases and the mainland floating (Hagemann et al. 2013). The human exercises that influence the adjustment in atmosphere are the called as the anthropogenic components. These progressions are to a great extent irreversible (Change 2014). There is an expansion in the carbon dioxide levels because of the discharges from the burning of the non-renewable en ergy sources. Different components answerable for the progressions are the consumption of ozone, deforestation, and land use, etc. These progressions lead to the extraordinary warming of the earth (Klve et al. 2014). The people are viewed as the significant reason for Global Warming. The water assets are the wellsprings of water that are valuable in nature. Water contamination is one of the primary concerns. The poisons undermine the flexibly of water. Figure1 Source: (Field 2012). Conversation The conversation expounds on the procedure of environmental change and the components influencing the adjustments in the atmosphere have been talked about in this report. The report additionally examines the different issues encompassing this subject. There are a couple of difficulties that are looked due o the environmental change and its effect. The approaches to beat the difficulties that emerge from this environmental change has been talked about in this report. The survey paper shows a top to bottom comprehension of the environmental change and its effect on the water assets. The report finishes up with the information and the future research bearing. Water cycle reaction system of the environmental change The water cycle is the hypothetical premise of the investigation of effects of the environmental change o the water assets. The hydrological cycle is limited by the atmosphere. The environmental change causes an adjustment in the water cycle because of the atmosphere conditions. The environmental change straightforwardly or in a roundabout way influences the procedure of the course of water by temperature, mugginess, daylight, wind and precipitation (Field 2012). The arrangement of regular water cycle is influenced by the sun radiation and earths gravity. The water on the earth ingests the sun based warmth vitality and spreads wherever in the proper conditions and the earth. The environmental change has straightforwardly prompted the precipitation and the overflow procedure that identifies with the water cycle. The ceaseless change in the human culture and the exercises performed by the people impacts the development procedure of the water cycle. This water cycle framework is called as the common counterfeit paired water cycle framework. This impact of the exercises of the people on the hydrologic cycle has two sorts of circumstances for the most part; the immediate intercession of the people that cause the change changes in the hydrologic cycle and the other is caused because of the part change due to the human exercises (Velzquez et al. 2013). The Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources The connection between water vitality and the atmosphere is a significant one. The environmental change is the marvel that prompts the ascent in the temperature of the earth. This ascent in the temperature makes the chilly ice soften at an unmatched rate. The icy masses are a significant hotspot for the freshwater around the world. Once these have allotted these ice sheets can't be reestablished. The expansion in the temperature likewise causes in the expansion in the pace of the dissipation that may bring about dry spells. This warming of nature will cause the expansion in precipitation and lessen the measure of snowfall (Schewe et al. 2014). This thus may cause visit water deficiencies. The environmental change influences the water assets with the effect on sum, variability, structure, time and the power of precipitation. The ascent in the temperature of the surface expands the extent of the precipitation during the winters. The environmental change influences the water quality in both the inland and the beach front zones (Taylor et al. 2013). The high force precipitation will cause an expansion in the overflow and disintegration. There will be consequently the impeding of the nature of the water because of the transportation of dregs and concoction overflow in enormous sums into the streams and the groundwater frameworks. Figure Source 2: (Kates, Travis and Wilbanks 2012). Environmental Change Impacts on Natural Water Systems The atmosphere affects the water assets. This involves the liquefying of the ice sheets and its effect on the stream patter, changeability of the precipitation and effect on the storm framework that influences the accessibility of the water and the ascent in the oceans level. The current and the future situations of the atmosphere expectations and fluctuation in the diverse hydro-topographical framework is additionally a test. The status of the icy masses and their impact affects the characteristic water framework. Effect on the Ground Water Resources The environmental change influences the groundwater energize rates that are the sustainable groundwater assets and the profundity of the table of groundwater (Trenberth et al. 2014). The expansion in the inconstancy of precipitation may diminish the revive of groundwater in the moist regions as the overwhelming precipitation may cause abundance penetration limit of the dirt. The exhaustion of the ground water might be a danger the inundated farming that may surpass the degree of salts in the dirt. The ascent in the ocean levels may likewise cause the expansion of the saline interruption in the waterfront and the inland springs (Dai 2013). The expansion in the normality and meticulousness of the floods may have an influence o the ground water quality in the alluvial springs. The warm air keeps the dampness and will in general increment the dissipation of the surface dampness. On the off chance that there is, no more dampness in the dirt to vanish the sun based radiation causes the asc ent in the temperature. That may cause serious dry seasons (Luo et al. 2015). The examination strategies for the effect of environmental change on water assets The exploration of the effect of the environmental change on the water assets frameworks is with the assistance of the bowl temperature, precipitation and the dissipation change that is brought about by the environmental change that predicts the expansion and lessening of the spillover and watershed flexibly impact. Because of the intricacy and the vulnerability environmental change, it is difficult to anticipate the future environmental change (Kates, Travis and Wilbanks 2012). The environmental change will cause worldwide precipitation and change in temperature of existence conveyance that will likewise cause an adjustment in the stream bowl spillover. The hydrological recreation innovation is utilized to comprehend the factors of hydrological data under the atmosphere situation bowl. The situation is the forecast and the desire that portray the location of a progression of occasions and the components that influence the future discharges (Gosling and Arnell 2016). The experience f actual model depends on the temperature, precipitation and overflow. The environmental change scene age innovation has changed from straightforward investigation and transplantation information to considering the advancement of the green house gas emanations. Difficulties to actualize the issues There is restricted data on the environmental change impacts. The issues of the environmental change are enigmatically accessible (Marlow et al. 2013). There is an insufficiency in the early notice frameworks technique. It is critical to share the meteorological data alongside the environmental change projection that imparts the solid data on the climate conditions and dangers. This is pertinent for the checking of the environmental change stressors as the floods, dry spells and empowering the planning of the notice measures for the individuals. The environmental change facilitates the weight on the water assets however the reaction to the environmental change dangers have not been reacted to. The adjustment quantifies that are actualized are receptive and because of the quick dangers. The new water is a rare asset (Haasnoot et al. 2012). The issues about the accessibility center around the water security to fulfill the necessities of the people that alludes to the entrance of the in dividuals to protected and moderate water. The water security can emerge because of the physical shortage that outcomes because of the climatic elements (Bakker 2012). This shortage and weakness influences enormous pieces of the world. The water security in the creating scene is defenseless against the effect of the environmental change because of the changing water supplies. The adjustment in the atmosphere builds the water the executives issues through the effect on the liquefying icy masses, ascend in the ocean levels, variable precipitation, floods and dry spells. The significant difficulties emerge during the administration of the characteristic assets (Teutschbein and Seibert 2012). At that point there is the difficulties looked by the water asset use and assignment on account of the expansion in the shortage of water alongside the dangers of the environmental change. Figure3 Source: (Rahm and Riha 2012). Approach, Governance and Regulatory Framework There must be compelling administration and responsive approaches that empower supportable water the board (Qaiser et al. 2013). The issues that are to be featured comprehend the strategy ramifications of the environmental change and distinguishing proof of new versatile measures to diminish the powerlessness. The accentuation on the atmosphere driven turn of events, vital advancement exercises and mainstreaming of the adjustment in the atmosphere into the institutional changes is important (Rahm and Riha 2012). The rec

The Formalistic Approach to Hays Rapunzel Essay -- Hay Rapunzel Essay

The Formalistic Approach to Hay's Rapunzel   Petition has been constantly an image of confidence, and even in current verse it is as yet utilized as a urgent cry to the One in Heaven. One of the extraordinary instances of this urgent cry would be Sara Henderson Hay's Rapunzel.After perusing her cutting edge variant, nature with Grimm's fantasy Rapunzel will uncover a totally new understanding. Sara Hay picks Rapunzel's supplication to be in the piece structure. Work, being a piece of a verse type, speaks to the most close to home and direct talking way. Here, the verse artist is talking from Rapunzel's perspective practically singing her sufferings, her sentiments and her past encounters. How about we recall the primary line of the poem: Gracious, God, let me overlook the things he said. The funeral poem begins in the petition structure. It encourages us to comprehend from the main line that the verse legend is in affliction and is frantic. Through the words let me overlook, we can hear the reverberation of the previous existence, past things, that may never return. The creator (courageous woman) is leaving us in anticipation, since she will never uncover to us the things he said and the guarantees he made. The rehashing equation let me uncovers to us Rapunzel's sentiments and is building up the tone of the sonnet. The main lines help us to hear our courageous woman's voice tone, and to comprehend her misery. Taking a gander at the main refrain, we can see numerous affiliations and associations between certain words and the strict theme of supplication. The words freezing and copying are the boundaries that help us to hear the reverberation of Damnation (Rhetoric 102K class conversation, January 23 2001). Similarly the word guarantees in the Bible is equivalent with the word agreement (or Testament). In the fifth li... ...ed by affection, presently has gotten the knowing one: I knew...I may have known. Taking a gander at the last line of the piece we comprehend its motivation. Here, we see the picture of numerous representative Rapunzels. The courageous woman is taking a gander at the past and at the future, and understands that her life is only one little piece, contrasted with the Eternal idea, or an idea of All. She understands that the natural life isn't unceasing and she is only an enduring voyager like numerous others. Hay’s Rapunzel starts as a genuine admirer, and sees her predicament as too vexing to even think about communicating even to her Creator. Along these lines, she decays into her own imaginings with moans so profound that lone her spirit can collective at this level. Supplication goes to melody, tune goes to dream, and in her heart, dream uncovers appalling reality. Her lone genuine expectation is found in first heart cry: Goodness, God...    

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The application deadline for our MIA/MPA two year program is Thursday, January 5th. Below is a check list of all the documents we will need to receive by the deadline so go through the list as you edit your essays (for the third time) or rewrite your CV and make sure nothing is forgotten. Application form â€" it’s online All documents, including transcripts and test scores can be uploaded to the application Web site for admission consideration. We will use unofficial copies of transcripts and test scores for admission consideration. Candidates offered admission will later be required to supply official transcripts and test scores prior to enrollment. Sending hard copy materials can delay the evaluation of your application so we recommend that you submit as many materials via the online application site as possible. Personal Statement Questions are subject to change each year. The following questions are for those applying for 2012 admission. First Topic (500 Word Maximum) What distinct impact do you hope to have on the world in the future? Please be as clear as possible about your future goals, the policy/public service issue(s) you are passionate about, and your personal motivation(s). Be sure to include details regarding the features of SIPA that you believe are integral to helping you in your pursuits and what skills you need to develop to achieve a lasting impact. Second Topic (300 Word Maximum) Please CHOOSE ONE of these options to write about â€" do not address both, pick one or the other. A competition is being conducted that will provide one million dollars as seed funding to start a new organization.   The competition requires a 300 word essay/statement.   Compose a 300 word essay/statement to submit in order to be considered for this seed funding. You have just read a news story that has deeply moved you.   Compose a 300 word response in the form of a letter to the editor.   The news story you are responding to can be real or fictional and does not need to be limited to the present time â€" it can be framed in the past, present, or future. Third Topic (200 Word Maximum) Please share any additional information about yourself that you believe would be of interest to the Admissions Committee. Please focus on information that is not already reflected in the other parts of your application or might not be clear in the information submitted Standard Résumé/CV Quantitative/Language Résumé/CV â€" click here for samples. Test Scores GRE or GMAT (GRE/GMAT scores are valid for five years.) GRE Code: 2161 (do not list a department code) GMAT for MIA: QF8-64-56 GMAT for MPA: QF8-64-99 TOEFL or IELTS exam for applicants whose native language is not English (TOEFL/IELTS scores are valid for two years.) TOEFL code is 2161 Three letters of recommendation: If a person writing a letter of recommendation for you wishes to do so in another language, please have the letter sent to an official translator. The translator should include both the translated copy and the official copy of the letter in a sealed envelope, along with their contact information â€" these letters must be sent to us.  Academic Transcripts: You are required to submit transcripts from all colleges, professional schools and universities attended (including Columbia University). Our preferred method is that you upload unofficial copies of your transcripts to the application Web site. When scanning transcripts to upload, be sure to scan the reverse side of the transcripts if applicable or any additional pages that include comments on the grading system used.  Transcripts not in English must be translated into English prior to uploading.    If you cannot read the transcripts, we will not be able to either. Thus after scanning your transcript you should print it to see if it is legible. Once you have determined that it is legible please upload the transcripts. Transcripts may also be mailed to our office; the registrar should seal the transcript in an envelope, sign across the seal and return it to you. Do not open these envelopes or break the seals. Some universities may prefer to send transcripts directly to our office. If this is the case, please have official transcripts sent to: Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 420 West 118th Street, 4th Floor Mail Code 3325 408 International Affairs Building New York, NY 10027 All documents, except foreign transcripts judged irreplaceable, become the property of Columbia and cannot be returned.   All documents must be in English or accompanied by certified translations. Application fee $85 One final note… The Admissions Committee only accepts documents that are specifically asked for in our instructions. As much as we would like to be able to read writing samples and other information you might wish to submit, our tight time line and desire to treat every applicant fairly means that we will only put required documents in your file for review all other documents will be discarded. Good luck!   And Happy Holidays!

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Application Checklist COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The application deadline for our MIA/MPA two year program is Thursday, January 5th. Below is a check list of all the documents we will need to receive by the deadline so go through the list as you edit your essays (for the third time) or rewrite your CV and make sure nothing is forgotten. Application form â€" it’s online All documents, including transcripts and test scores can be uploaded to the application Web site for admission consideration. We will use unofficial copies of transcripts and test scores for admission consideration. Candidates offered admission will later be required to supply official transcripts and test scores prior to enrollment. Sending hard copy materials can delay the evaluation of your application so we recommend that you submit as many materials via the online application site as possible. Personal Statement Questions are subject to change each year. The following questions are for those applying for 2012 admission. First Topic (500 Word Maximum) What distinct impact do you hope to have on the world in the future? Please be as clear as possible about your future goals, the policy/public service issue(s) you are passionate about, and your personal motivation(s). Be sure to include details regarding the features of SIPA that you believe are integral to helping you in your pursuits and what skills you need to develop to achieve a lasting impact. Second Topic (300 Word Maximum) Please CHOOSE ONE of these options to write about â€" do not address both, pick one or the other. A competition is being conducted that will provide one million dollars as seed funding to start a new organization.   The competition requires a 300 word essay/statement.   Compose a 300 word essay/statement to submit in order to be considered for this seed funding. You have just read a news story that has deeply moved you.   Compose a 300 word response in the form of a letter to the editor.   The news story you are responding to can be real or fictional and does not need to be limited to the present time â€" it can be framed in the past, present, or future. Third Topic (200 Word Maximum) Please share any additional information about yourself that you believe would be of interest to the Admissions Committee. Please focus on information that is not already reflected in the other parts of your application or might not be clear in the information submitted Standard Résumé/CV Quantitative/Language Résumé/CV â€" click here for samples. Test Scores GRE or GMAT (GRE/GMAT scores are valid for five years.) GRE Code: 2161 (do not list a department code) GMAT for MIA: QF8-64-56 GMAT for MPA: QF8-64-99 TOEFL or IELTS exam for applicants whose native language is not English (TOEFL/IELTS scores are valid for two years.) TOEFL code is 2161 Three letters of recommendation: If a person writing a letter of recommendation for you wishes to do so in another language, please have the letter sent to an official translator. The translator should include both the translated copy and the official copy of the letter in a sealed envelope, along with their contact information â€" these letters must be sent to us.  Academic Transcripts: You are required to submit transcripts from all colleges, professional schools and universities attended (including Columbia University). Our preferred method is that you upload unofficial copies of your transcripts to the application Web site. When scanning transcripts to upload, be sure to scan the reverse side of the transcripts if applicable or any additional pages that include comments on the grading system used.  Transcripts not in English must be translated into English prior to uploading.    If you cannot read the transcripts, we will not be able to either. Thus after scanning your transcript you should print it to see if it is legible. Once you have determined that it is legible please upload the transcripts. Transcripts may also be mailed to our office; the registrar should seal the transcript in an envelope, sign across the seal and return it to you. Do not open these envelopes or break the seals. Some universities may prefer to send transcripts directly to our office. If this is the case, please have official transcripts sent to: Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 420 West 118th Street, 4th Floor Mail Code 3325 408 International Affairs Building New York, NY 10027 All documents, except foreign transcripts judged irreplaceable, become the property of Columbia and cannot be returned.   All documents must be in English or accompanied by certified translations. Application fee $85 One final note… The Admissions Committee only accepts documents that are specifically asked for in our instructions. As much as we would like to be able to read writing samples and other information you might wish to submit, our tight time line and desire to treat every applicant fairly means that we will only put required documents in your file for review all other documents will be discarded. Good luck!   And Happy Holidays!

Analysis On Financial Statements Of Verizon Communications Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

ATT Inc. (NYSE: T) is a United States telecommunications corporation headquartered in Texas. Founded in 1983 as SBC Communications, it became ATT Inc. upon purchase of ATT Corporation in 2005. It is the leading U.S. provider of wire-line and wireless communications. ATT delivers 3G wireless services through ATT Mobility LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary. Other major segments include broadband internet, digital television, directory publishing, and business communications. In 2006, ATT Inc. acquired BellSouth communications corporation, valued at $86 billion, absorbing its wire-line, wireless, and broadband interests. ATT has stated specific future goals in 4G wireless, speech recognition, telehealth, and digital convergence. Recently, ATT selected Alcatel-Lucent and Ericsson as equipment providers for its LTE (4G) wireless deployments. ATT has over 150 million customers and 280,000 employees. ATT reported a $124 billion operating revenue and $23 billion net income as of Dec. 31, 2008. Verizon Communications Inc. (NYSE: VZ) is a United States telecommunications corporation headquartered in New York. It was founded in 1983 as Bell Atlantic. Bell Atlantic acquired GTE Corp. in 2000 and changed its name to Verizon Communications Inc. It is the second largest U.S. provider of wire-line and wireless voice services. Verizon Wireless is a joint venture, with Vodafone Group holding 45 percent ownership. Through its FiOS product, Verizon provides fiber-optic delivery of internet, television, and digital voice. Other major operations include IP networks, applications, and professional services for business. In 2008, Verizon stated its goal to surpass ATT as the U.S. market leader in wireless voice and data communications in the United States. It is aggressively pushing fiber-optic deployments to combat industry-wide access-line losses. Verizon has over 91 million customers and 220,000 employees. Verizon reported a $97 billion operating revenue and $6.5 billion net income as of Dec. 31, 2008. Balance Sheet unusual items ATT: At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported a current ratio of 0.53, and a long-term assets / long-term liabilities ratio of 1.92. This mismatching indicates that too much short-term financing has been used to acquire long-term assets. ATT may have problems meeting its short-term obligations without additional refinancing. If additional financing cannot be obtained, a lack of asset liquidity poses a bankruptcy risk. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported goodwill at $71.8 billion, accounting for about 27% of their total reported assets. This stems from ATTs aggressive acquisition strategy. The high amount poses a great asset impairment risk. Only losses, not gains, can be recorded for goodwill. If the acquired entities lose value, as judged by an annual impairment test, the loss of recorded assets and corresponding write-offs against stockholders equity can be substantial. Verizon: At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported wireless licenses valued at $62.0 billion. These are indefinite-lived intangible asset which account for 30.6% of Verizons total assets. Wireless licenses are extremely important for a telecommunications company, but placing such large valuation on an intangible is a serious risk. Estimating fair value is very subjective, and any significant write-offs (as judged by a periodic impairment test) could threaten stockholders confidence. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported cash and cash equivalents of $9.8 billion. Having such a large amount of cash and cash equivalents (investments with a maturity of 90 days or less) is good for liquidity. However, a significant portion of this $9.8 billion could be converted to less-liquid, higher-interest investments that mature within a year, or even long-term investments. Having so much cash-on-hand is a problem because it is not being invested to return additional value to the business. Income Statement unusual items ATT: At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported basic earnings-per-share of $2.17. During the same period, their nearest market competitor, Verizon, reported $2.26 basic earnings-per-share. To the common stockholder, this is one of the most important factors to attract and maintain investment. Unless ATT can achieve higher earnings-per-share, investors will be more likely to invest in their competitors, posing a threat to ATTs future growth. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT recorded a net other income (expense) of -$589 million (versus +$615 million in 2007). A closer look at Note 4 to the financial statements reveals that this is entirely attributable to Consolidation and Elimination expenses. Reorganization due to acquisition and restructuring has been a significant part of ATTs market-growth strategy, but they must take care not to incur excessive expenses for the sake of growth. That could lead to an overall loss of competitiveness and lack of stockholders confidence. Verizon: At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon recorded a net income of $6.4 billion. Their nearest market competitor, ATT, posted a net income of $12.9 billion. In terms of absolute numbers, this gives Verizon less power in the market and also serves as an indication to investors that Verizon might not be managing its finances well enough. Income is essential to future value creation and expansion, so Verizon should strive to improve operational efficiency and attain an income thats more aligned with (or better than) its competitor. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon recorded a net profit margin (ratio of net income to revenues) of only .066, up from their 2007 profit margin of .059, but still lower than their 2006 profit margin of .070. In general, Verizons profit margin seems low compared to other U.S. telecommunications corporations (especially ATT), a sign of managements inability to generate strong returns. This weak financial performance should raise concerns for shareholders and financers, and it poses a surviva l risk to Verizon. Cash Flow Statement unusual items ATT: In 2008, ATT issued $9.5 billion in dividends to stockholders (which has been increasing gradually since 2004). Consistent dividends are good to attract sustained stockholders confidence and investment, but a dividend payout of $9.5 billion is unusually high. By paying out too many excess funds to stockholders, ATT may be missing out on more lucrative investment opportunities that would generate better returns. In 2008, ATT reported $5.6 billion in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. This amount, due to ATTs suppliers or banks, must be paid off within 12-months in order to avoid default. This significantly high amount is a constraint against ATTs working capital. If the company is not able to fully pay off the debt in time, its future operations could be hindered. Verizon: In 2008, Verizon reported net $15.9 billion in acquisitions of licenses, investments, and businesses. Such a substantial investment introduces a high level of business risk. If Verizons inv estments do not demonstrate profitability, not only will significant funds have gone to waste, but more doubt will be cast on the corporations future investing decisions by investors and financers. In 2008, Verizon accumulated net cash inflows from financing activities of $13.6 billion. In particular, $21.6 billion were proceeds from long-term borrowing, while there was a repayment of only $4.1 billion in long-term borrowing and capital lease obligations. It seems that Verizon is using this leverage to achieve their investing activities discussed previously. Such aggressive financing this fiscal year can put heavy constraints on Verizons ability to acquire additional financing in future years. Verizon is in a precarious position where, if they cannot repay the financing in a timely manner, they enter a high risk of declining into bankruptcy. Notes to Financial Statements unusual items ATT: At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported that $14.1 billion of its outstanding debt would mature within one year, compared to just $6.9 billion in the previous year (see Note 8). This current debt introduces a liquidity problem, since ATT must be able to generate enough cash in the next year to repay its financers. This is a significant business risk for ATT; if it is unable to cover its debts in time, its future financing options will be limited and its business operations could be in jeopardy. As of Jan. 1, 2007, ATT indicated a loss of $123 million in goodwill related to the settlement of IRS audit in its wireless segment (see Note 6). Excess goodwill is already a problem because a high risk of asset impairment is introduced, but devaluation due to an IRS audit raises serious concerns about managements judgment for proper accounting. Investors are cautious about missteps such as this, and a recurring incident could further unsettle their confidence in ATT. Verizon: On Jan . 9, 2009 (beyond the reporting date of the financial statements), Verizons wireless segment closed the acquisition of Alltel Corporation, paying $5.9 billion for its equity, but also acquiring $22.2 billion of its debt obligations (see Note 2). Acquiring such a massive debt puts Verizon at a significant financing risk. The notes reveal that Verizon has relied on credit to immediately cover the acquisition cost and debt prepayments, with $2.5 billion debt that remains outstanding. Verizon faces potential insolvency in other words, a high risk of adequate repayment and future refinancing. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported obligations for all defined benefit pension plans at $29.4 billion (see Note 15). The future collection of this large liability poses a financial risk to Verizon, should they not be suitably prepared to cover the costs. Along with Verizons already large debt obligations, this is a noteworthy threat to the companys viability. Balance Sheet differences At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT had a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.75 (total liabilities / total equity) and Verizon had a debt-to-equity ratio of 3.85. ATT and Verizon hold similar levels of total liabilities ($169 and $161 billion, respectively), but ATT has a great deal more stockholders equity ($96.3 versus $41.7 billion, respectively). ATTs much larger stockholder interest provides increased financial flexibility and an ability to service its debt, in comparison to Verizon which should be more cautious in its debt accumulation, at risk of being unable to generate enough cash to satisfy its debt obligations. ATTs lower debt-to-equity ratio may boost stockholders confidence since their investments are better protected in the event of business decline. On the other hand, ATTs lower debt-to-equity ratio may signify that it is not taking advantage of enough financial leverage to generate increased profits. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT lists Customer Lists and Relationships as a long-term asset valu ed at net $10.6 billion. Verizon does not such an item listed on their balance sheet, but Note 4 to the financial statements reveals that customer lists and relationships are a net $820 million component of Other Intangible Assets. This item is a limited-life intangible asset, and is subject to amortization accumulation. The relatively similar size of each companys customer base suggests that these valuations shouldnt be so drastically different. Estimating fair value of customer lists and relationships is very subjective, based on how each company judges the ability to generate returns. ATTs high valuation compared to Verizon leads to higher annual write-offs of the asset. Stockholders confidence could be shaken by too high write-offs arising from higher valuations, so Verizons more conservative valuation may be safer in the long-term. Income Statement differences As of 2008, ATTs income statements divide operating revenues into five segments: wireless service, voice, data, directory, and other. Verizons income statement only specifies a catch-all operating revenues item, but Note 17 to the financial statements identifies two segments: domestic wireless and wireline. Both companies wireless segments are equivalent in scope. Verizons wireline segment is the equivalent of ATTs voice data segments combined. Notably, ATT has a more diversified business portfolio, including its directory services which include the publishing of print directories, directory advertising, internet-based advertising, and local search; and the other segment which includes information services, payphone, and corporate operations. The presentation of ATTs income statement emphasizes their diversity of operations in comparison to Verizon. This shows two different approaches to business diversification. For Verizon, if one of its two segments were to fail, the financial impact would be catastrophic. For ATT, the failure of a single segment would be less severe on the company as a whole. Verizon lists minority interest as a distinct item under operating income with a recorded expense of $6.16 billion. ATT does not list a distinct item, but Note 4 to its financial statements indicate that $256 million of minority interest expense is part of its other income (expense) item. Minority interest expense refers to the share of profit belonging to minority shareholders. In this case, Vodafone owns a 45% interest in Verizon Wireless and receives that share of the generated income. For Verizon, this is a very large amount of income that it could be collecting for itself, if it was to take full control of its wireless subsidiary. If Verizon recognized the full income of its wireless subsidiary, its overall net income would be more competitive with ATT. Also, by giving Vodafone such a large stake in its wireless subsidiary, there is the potential for a futur e takeover. Cash Flow Statement differences In 2008, Verizon recorded $13.6 billion in net cash provided by financing activities, while ATT recorded $4.7 billion in net cash used in financing activities. That is, Verizon acquired net debt in its financing activities, while ATT was able to pay back more financing that it acquired. Because of this, ATT shows more financial solvency than Verizon, as its ability to repay previous financing activities boosts shareholder confidence and enhances its record as a reliable borrowing partner for future financing. Verizons big borrowing introduces significant business risks and a potential for bankruptcy if their operations dont return considerable income. On the other hand, Verizons aggressive financing activities may prove beneficial if it uses the finances to successfully grow its market-share, which would be a threat to ATT. In 2008, Verizon recorded $1.4 billion of purchase of common stock for treasury, while ATT recorded $6.1 billion of the same. The goal of these treasury stoc k repurchases is to increase the value of the shares held by stockholders. Both ATT and Verizon have repurchased shares over the past 5 years, with ATT averaging $4.3 billion in repurchases per year versus Verizons $1.3 billion per year. ATTs consistently larger repurchasing may signify that it views its shares as undervalued, or that it wants to improve its reported earnings-per-share. As noted earlier, ATTs 2008 earnings-per-share were $0.09 lower than Verizons, so this might be a legitimate strategy to attract future stockholder investment. However, the consistent treasury stock repurchases may be a sign that ATT is struggling to obtain legitimate interest from investors, so they are instead just acquiring their own shares to inflate the stocks value.

Essay on Frank Sinatra - 995 Words

Frank Sinatra nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As we inch towards the year 2000, we look back to the pre-dominant individuals of the 20th century. Time magazine voted Frank Sinatra as the world’s most influential vocalist of the 20th century. Frank Sinatra not only excelled but transcended music and became a true personality of our time. Whether you’re talking about recorded music, live performances, movies or simply living large, Frank Sinatra has done that all. He has become an international figure, having the reputation as a celebrity, icon, bad boy and the greatest singer of American popular songs. He is known as being America’s first teen idol and also as a true American Legend. You may all know the name quot;Frank Sinatraquot; but†¦show more content†¦When he was working in a little nightclub in New Jersey he was discovered by the well known trumpeter Harry James. James loved Sinatra’s voice and told him he needed a boy singer for his band and Sinatra jumped at t he chance. Sinatra’s success with Harry James made him become noticed by the Tommy Dorsey band who were a very popular swing band of the 30’s. This led him to quit performing with Harry James and join the Tommy Dorsey band. While he was working with Tommy Dorsey Sinatra learned his phrasing and intonation from listening to Dorsey play. In 1942 he decided to go solo and found the fame as the king of the bobbysoxers, which were the young women and girls who were his fans. He became America’s first teen idol. He was the only singer that sang the most smooth, straightforward ballads. And he credited jazz singer Billie Holliday as a major influence on his vocal style. He had a lot of charisma which attracted all the famous movie actresses to him. He had love affairs with every movie actress during that time. In the 50’s he had affairs with movie stars such as Judy Garland, Marylin Monroe, and Ava Gardner. He and Ava Gardner were married for a few years but it later ended in divorce. Ava was the love of his life and after she left him he had lost his voice and tried to commit suicide which made his career go downhill. He then decided that he should try to starShow MoreRelated Frank Sinatra Essay3484 Words   |  14 Pagesof these people are just regular men and women that are placed high on a pedestal simply because they can sing or act, hence, becoming all the more famous. Although he was famous and popular in the entertainment world for almost four decades, Frank Sinatra was a singer and actor that had a side to him that not everyone knew. He hid behind the facade of an entirely happy, successful performer, when, in reality, he had many problems that the public was not even aware of. Some of these problems areRead More Frank Sinatra Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesFrank Sinatra Howard Cosell, a legendary commentator, spoke words about this legendary man that more or less sums up his legendary career. He said Frank Sinatra, who has the phrasing, who has the control, who understands the composers, who knows what losing means as so many have, who made the great comeback, who stands still, enduringly, on top of the entertainment world. Ladies and gentlemen, from here on in its Frank Sinatra! Frank Sinatra, the only singer in history to have hit recordsRead MoreEssay on Frank Sinatra977 Words   |  4 Pagesvulgarity, hot temper and alleged ties to organized crime. Frank Sinatra was alluring and powerful not despite his contradictions, but because of them. He was bigger than life, but human as the next guy, and keenly aware of his public personas many sides. And yet he knew, deep down, that the music - The Voice - was clear enough, powerful enough and passionate enough to eclipse the publics darkest doubts about Sinatra the man. Francis Albert Sinatra was bo rn Dec. 12, 1915, the only child of working-classRead MoreEssay on Frank Sinatra1372 Words   |  6 PagesFrank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12, 1915, in Hoboken , New Jersey . He began singing in amateur shows in 1933 and formed a musical group called the Hoboken Four . Bandleader Harry James discovered Sinatras act at the Rustic Cabin in New Jersey in 1939 . Their best recording together , All or Nothing at All , did not become a hit until after the singers solo career took off four years later . Then during the early 40s Frank Sinatra was getting involvedRead MoreEssay Frank Sinatra1311 Words   |  6 Pages Frank Sinatra was widely known from coast to coast. He was definitely one of the most popular stars of his era. (3) He, not only was a singer/ song writer, but as his career grew he shifted smoothly into acting and dancing. Ole Blue Eyes was an American icon who was capable of charming his way through each decade that rolled by. He had a sound that carried like no other. His soft voice could sweep women off their feet and right into his arms. Ole blue eyes had an extraordinary talent and sureRead More frank sinatra Essay2820 Words   |  12 Pagesdefined as eternal life. Frank Sinatra is one who will live forever. His music, his movies, his attitude, his eyes, whatever it is you remember him for, all the same, he IS greatness. Few people come along in the course of life that can be labeled great, Frankie is the symbol of greatness. Tens of millions of recordings, nine Grammys and two Academ y Awards, over 60 films, worldwide tours, television specials, hundreds of millions of dollars raised for charities. Sinatra passed the tests of time withRead More Frank Sinatra Essay example774 Words   |  4 PagesFrank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra born on December 12, 1915, in Hoboken, New Jersey later became known as Frank Sinatra and one of the greatest entertainers of his generation. American singers - Bing Crosby and Billie Holiday, influenced Frank Sinatra. Sinatra then developed a signature vocal phrasing in his music that influenced generations of popular vocalists. Sinatra anticipated the decline of big-band instrumental jazz music, and helped establish an enthusiastic climate forRead MoreThe Musical Aspects Of Frank Sinatra1505 Words   |  7 PagesChapter Two: Sinatra as a Cultural Icon In the first chapter, this essay primarily addressed the musical aspects of Frank Sinatra. This section will examine his celebrity image, and how it reflected the values of popular culture that spanned his career. Sinatra was the first musician, more specifically a singer, to achieve this kind of fame and notoriety among his audiences. Intentional or not, he started a trend in popular music that would later be replicated by many artists, including Elvis,Read MoreFrank Sinatra was One of the Worlds Greatest Entertainers Essay example2463 Words   |  10 PagesFrank Sinatra better known as Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12, 1915 in Hoboken New Jersey to Dolly Garamendi and Anthony Garaventi.He almost lost his own life when he wasn’t breathing. But there was one person who wasn’t going to let him die turned out to be his Grandmother Rose where she was determined to save him by running him under child water until everything came under normal when he started b reathing, he came alive in the world, and he won. Frank was also baptized on St FrancisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Song My Way 1667 Words   |  7 PagesWhile researching an artist for this paper, my first thought was to write about Frank Sinatra. He is a well-known singer and actor that has entertained many generations. People still enjoy listening to his music. At times, we can hear his music playing at a restaurant or a pub. Hearing people talk about how his songs influenced their life decisions, gave me the motivation to learn more about him. This research paper will entail a small part of his life story. CAREER HIGHLIGHTS

Mccandless Obsession Problem, And Into The Wild By Chris...

People are better off living in civilization rather than the wild, and thus, people do not want to live in the wild: a statement which is not necessarily true. It may seem preferable to live in society with all the luxuries it provides: easy access to food, shelter, and technology. Even with these luxuries, many people want to live in the wild nevertheless. One of these people is Chris McCandless. He broke free from society and ventured into the wild. McCandless’s story is widely known today because it has a certain allure to it. Into the Wild, The Chris McCandless Obsession Problem, and Where I Lived, and What I Lived For lead to the idea that people are drawn to the McCandless story because they relate to or envy the feelings of escape,†¦show more content†¦Hence, the people who are so drawn to McCandless’s story; he got something that they all crave. McCandless had independence and a purpose to live for; people who read his story crave it. In addition to independence and purpose, much of the writing shows the want for escapism to be a reason that people are drawn to the McCandless story. In the wild, people are at liberty to live simply and candidly. Walden writes that in the woods, people live deliberately with purpose, while in society people live â€Å"meanly, like ants†, and their lives are â€Å"frittered away by detail.† Getting the escape from the superfluous tasks in society to live simply is craved by many. Storsley is one of the many who went on the same journey McCandless went on to get to the bus McCandless lived out of. He desires to go out into the wild, and get away from society (Saverin). However, Storsley only takes respites from civilization because he clings to society; nevertheless, he still wants the escape that McCandless got. In Into the Wild, Roman â€Å"identifies† with McCandless’s needs to get away from society (185). McCandless’s feelings were completely na tural and are felt by most adolescents. People understand the longing to escape the torturous routine of society. Many pieces of the writing point to the readers relating with McCandless. Roman said that he â€Å"can’t help by identify with the guy [McCandless]† (Krakauer 185). He admits that he sees a part of himself in McCandless. Human typicallyShow MoreRelated Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer Chris McCandless was just a victim of his own obsession. The novel Into The Wild written by John Krakauer revealed the life of a young bright man named Chris McCandless who turned up dead in Alaska in summer 1992. In the novel, John Krakauer approached carefully McCandlesss life without putting too much authorial judgment to the readers. Although Chris McCandless remained an elusive figure throughout the novel, I can see Chris McCandless as a dreamy young idealistRead MorePersuasive Essay On Into The Wild987 Words   |  4 Pagesthings they want to accomplish. Chris McCandless was a hiker and traveller who gave up everything he had to go and live off the land in the Alaskan Wilderness as well as western parts of America. McCandless had a need for adventure and saw that he didn’t want the materialistic things in life. Unfortunately, four months later: Chris was found dead and extremely emaciated. People who have read Into The Wild, often wonder why a person would do such a thi ng like McCandless did. Many say it was for the sheerRead MoreUse of Literary Techniques by Jon Krakauer When Writing Into the Wild1585 Words   |  7 Pages In the novel â€Å"Into the Wild† by Jon Krakauer, Krakauer tells the story of a Chris McCandless through different points of view perceived from people close to him. Despite the fact the Krakauer did not personally know Chris McCandless, Krakauer uses opinions from himself and others to help conclude meaning and impact behindMcCandless’s journey. Krakauer introduces events in the story in an order such that it also introduces the significance behind them. These techniques help the reader conclude theRead MoreInto the Wild by Jon Krakauer1516 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative Christopher McCandless (Alex/ Chris) graduates from Emory University and he went on a road trip. Then he decided to leave his family forever. A truck driver name Jim Gallien- an electrician- picked up Alex- a hitchhiker- his real name is Christopher Johnson McCandless). The hitchhiker says he is from South Dakota and requests a ride to Denali National Park. Gallien sees Alex as an intelligent young boy that lacks the necessities for surviving in Alaska. Chris took his yellow Datsun carRead MoreInto the Wild: Individuality Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesInto the Wild People are often told to be themselves as a way of embracing their uniqueness. This seems to not be true since conformity and lack of individualism is a big issue with society. The issue of what led Christopher McCandless, main character from Into the Wild by John Krakauer, to go on a search to find himself. In the author’s note of the novel, Krakauer introduces the term ‘schools of thought’. In the case of this book, there are two; one being that some people said it was a suicideRead MoreThe Search For Truth in Into the Wild by John Krakauer1983 Words   |  8 Pages Who is Christopher McCandless? McCandless was born February 12, 1968 in El Segundi, California. Later on, due to Walt McCandless, Christophers father, success as an aerospace engineer [Christopher] was raised in the comfortable upper middle class environs of Annandale, Virginia(Krakauer 14). Similarly to many people today, Walt McCandless made injurious decisions; during the birth of Christopher and his sister, Carine, Walt was still married. In turn, this leaves them to be bastardRead More Into the Wild Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung man named Chris McCandless, from a prosperous and loving family, hitchhiked across the country to Alaska. He gave $25,000 of his savings to charity, left his car and nearly all of his possessions. He burned all the cash he had in his wallet, and created a new life. Four months later, his body was found in an abandoned bus. Jon Krakauer constructed a journalistic account of McCandless’s story. Bordering on obsession, Krakauer looks for the clues to the mystery that is Chris McCandless. What he finds

Similarities Between Mayans And Ancient Cultures - 881 Words

Mayans are probably best known for their prediction of the world’s end in 2012 or their other various predictions of what might take place in today’s culture; some of which have come true some of which have not. The Mayans were certainly a very intelligent and interesting culture. From their belief in multiple gods to their practices of human sacrifice the Mayans took their beliefs and their religion very seriously. Mayan religion revolved around astronomy, nature and rituals. Like many other ancient cultures, the Mayans believed in gods that were symbolized by things like the sun, moon, stars and other natural elements. Religious practices were extremely important to the Mayans. They even went as far as to offer human sacrifices to the gods. Mayan land was divided into segments called polities or city-states. Sometimes the interactions between polities were civil and at other times it was violent. It was during these violent times that polities would capture people fro m other polities. These prisoners were either used as slaves or if they were of a high status they were used for human sacrifice. These human sacrifices were â€Å"deemed necessary to sanctify certain ritual occasions, such as the ascendancy to the throne by a new ruler or the dedication of a new building† (Smith). Basic human sacrifices consisted of public decapitation in the form of a celebration. It was particularly exciting if the ruler of another polity was captured and sacrificed. After the humans wereShow MoreRelatedEssay on Popol Vuh vs. Gilgamesh861 Words   |  4 Pagesmany similarities, themes characters ect. I personally would not call the two texts similar. In my opinion for two texts to be similar they must poses similar general themes that apply to the entire text, not small themes that only apply to portions of the text. In other words I believe that two texts can have similar events, yet have completely different meanings. Popol Vuh and Gilgamesh actually had more similarities than dissimilarities, but it is the significance of those similarities, notRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to theRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreHistory: Spanish Colonization of the Americas and Spanish Conquest1021 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conquest and Colonization of the Caribbean and Yucatan by European, Resulted in significant cultural, biological environmental changes to both regions Maggie Jim Professor Ancient History [Date] 1. Briefly discuss (but in detail) the similarities/differences between the initial Spanish colonization of the Caribbean and the Yucatan. In your discussion include the initial reaction of the Taino and Maya to the presence of the Spanish and the rationalRead MoreSimilarities Of The Mayan Civilization1102 Words   |  5 PagesDespite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon are pronounced. The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, western El Salvador and Honduras. Ritual, religionRead MoreHuman Sacrifice And The Gods Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesto offer it to the gods.â€Å" The occurrence of human sacrifice can usually be related to the recognition of human blood as the sacred life force†(â€Å"Human Sacrificing†). The thought of human sacrificing may seem inhuman or uncivilized; however, in the ancient times, it was considered a prayer for better times. Human sacrificing was not only a ritual act to earn a god s favor, but also for a greater cause. Usually people would benefit luck, fertility for the land, and to win a war. Although, there’s evidenceRead MoreThe Origins Of The Ancient Civilization1308 Words   |  6 Pag esdisappearing? 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Differences in time period, geographical landscapes, and other circumstances mean no direct correlations are possible, but the outstanding point of similarity is thatRead MoreThe History of Zero: Indian and Mayan Cultures726 Words   |  3 PagesZero is usually recognized today as being originated in two geographically separated cultures: the Maya and Indian. If zero was a place-holder symbol, then such a zero was present in the Babylonian positional number system before the fi rst recorded occurrence of the Indian zero. If zero was represented by an empty space within a well-defined positional number system, such a zero was present in Chinese mathematics a few centuries before the beginning of the Common Era. The absence of a symbol forRead MoreAztec Calendar Stone Essay examples1599 Words   |  7 PagesObtaining the knowledge that was passed down to them from earlier Mesoamerican cultures, the Aztecs carved the calendar stone in 1479 (Smith 253). At the time, the Aztecs lived in a very civilized world filled with amazing architecture, an impressively complex government system, and they also employed intricate systems of writing and calendric systems (Taube 7). The Calendar Stone was made by basalt stone. For the Aztecs, everything was pictorial in nature around this era. The calendar stone depicted

Suppressed Darkness On The Medieval Mind Map - 1582 Words

Suppressed Darkness on the Medieval Mind Map William Manchester’s A World Lit Only By Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance unveils an in- depth look at the Late Medieval Ages in Europe and touches upon the Renaissance. It is most well known as the time period that occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire- when the eastern world seemed to have plummeted into an age of regression and darkness. Manchester’s central proposition was â€Å"The power of the medieval mind had been irrevocably broken† (295). The dimensions of the medieval mind were cloaked from the outside world and suppressed by the ever-powerful dogmas of the Catholic Church, for there â€Å"was no room for doubt; the possibility of skepticism simply did not exist† (20). At the same time, a new â€Å"era† was rising in Europe, accompanied by an increasing rate in literacy, new innovations, the printing press, powerful political figures, and the appraisals of the Catholic Church. A new cultural movement began to appear, kno wn as the Renaissance, and the darkness of the medieval mind map was forever shattered, to remain a pale illusion. Humanists, such as Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus, and inventors and explorers such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Nicolas Copernicus, and Ferdinand Magellan guided the way to a new ideology of independent thinking. Following the campaign of upcoming thinkers, movements, and changes that would turn people’s blind eye, Manchester concluded his point with the tale of Magellan’s heroicShow MoreRelatedThe Genre of Stokers Dracula Essay6296 Words   |  26 PagesOnuphrio Muralto in order to conceal the fact that he had written the novel. The critics were hostile but the public received the novel with great enthusiasm. Walpoleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s novel introduced us to the basic elements of the Gothic: the medieval settings in Southern Europe; the constant expectation of supernatural occurrences (which sometimes had natural explanations); the confrontation of hero and villain; the decayed, evil upper class and the ambitious, good bourgeoisie; theRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................. 517 Good Evidence ............................................................................................................................... 518 A Cautious Approach with an Open Mind ................................................................................ 519 Discovering Causes, Creating Explanations, and Solving Problems...................................... 521 Confirming by Testing ................................Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageshomes (often draining areas of the young men who might otherwise have been potential migrants) but also in terms of the migration of millions into the depopulated Yangtze Valley areas and Shanghai after the mid-nineteenth-century rebellions were suppressed.26 Migrations within highland and maritime Southeast Asia, central Asia, Arabia, and Africa are especially difficult to get a handle on because much of the movement circulated according to patterns of nomadic and seminomadic mobility that followed

Cross Culture Of Cross Cultural Marriage - 1299 Words

Cross-cultural marriage is a marriage composed of two culturally diverse individual who independently posses distinct national cultures. Cheung (2005) stated that it is generally accepted in long-term marriage literature that the five â€Å"C† are important elements that contribute to long-term marital satisfaction. The five Cs are commitment, caring, communication, conflict and compromise, and contract which refers to the marital partners’ implicit and explicit expectations of each other and their marriages. Nowadays, cross-cultural marriage has become common trend in the world. People are no longer isolated from their geographical locations and cultures. Cross-culturally married couples are maintaining their relationship with great understanding and tolerance for each other. According to Frame (2004), â€Å"Over the last three decades there has been an unprecedented increase in interracial and intercultural marriage (p. 219).† However, one might disagree and as k whether cross-cultural marriage is always beneficial due to family issue and religion. Cross-culturally married couple faces many problem and tension almost every day in their life due to cultural differences but despite those conflicts, marriage can work if the couple addresses communication competencies and cultural differences. There are people who think and believe that cross-cultural marriage is difficult to maintain and doesn’t last long because of the involvement of family issues and religion. Cross-cultural andShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Relationship Between People And People From Different Cultural Backgrounds Essay1564 Words   |  7 PagesCross Cultural Relationships Abstract This term paper focuses on different types of relationships, be it personal, professional or marital, between people from different cultural backgrounds. The objective of this paper is to list out the ways in which to have a healthy relationship between people who are so different from each other. This has a major significance in today’s world as people are beginning to accept each other on a wider basis across nations and as a result there comes a situationRead MoreMy Big Fat Greek Wedding963 Words   |  4 Pagestime barred as far as getting a marriage partner is concerned. For this reason, she is willing and ready to be married to anyone regardless of his race, religion, or ethnicity. 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Marrying someone with totally different culture willRead MoreEssay on Cross Cultural Perspectives828 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Cross Cultural Perspectives ETH 316 October 13, 2014 Cross Cultural Perspectives Multi-national companies from the U.S. hold a great advantage by working in and with other countries and cultures to make their products accessible to a much broader community.   When multi-nationals gains access into or with other companies/countries, it may be an assumption that because everyone inside the business is working for the same purpose, they are going to automatically communicate, thinkRead More Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentism - which is more objective?1042 Words   |  5 Pages To view one’s own culture as the universal by which all others are judged would be ultimately subjective, as our perceptions of cultural differences are shaped largely by our immersion in our own culture. An ethnocentric approach stems from judging an alternate culture in relation to one’s own pre-conceived cultural values, held to be superior; the parallax phenomenon, the inability to escape our own biases, prevents objective analysis of different cultures. A cultural relativist maintains the post-modernistRead MoreThe Cultural Aspects Of Family1237 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this essay will be to look at what is meant by the term ‘familyà ¢â‚¬â„¢ and to look at the differences of the term, when we study the family cross culturally. There are many different family forms which I will explore whilst writing this essay, along with the increasing family forms, and how they have changed over time. I will also be studying the cultural aspects of family both in Western and Non Western societies explaining how they differ to western families. ‘Kinship’ is said to be the foundationRead MoreIntercultural Marriage Is Not Just A Union Between Two Cultures827 Words   |  4 PagesIn addition to these basic problems, another major issue ascends about religion. Intercultural marriage is not just a union between two cultures, but also of two religions. Many a times, marriages face a breakup or divorce just because the two are not able to unite in terms of their respective religions. In such a situation, one partner either endure their own religion or change their preferences for the other. But, then they might have quar rels on religious matters when it comes to family or forRead MoreMarriage Is A Sacred Action, And The Bondage Between Individuals Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage is a sacred action, and the bondage between individuals is powerful. Marriage is one of the greatest moments in ones’ lifetime. Throughout different cultures marriage has a different meaning. In some groups, marriage and your spouse is not your decision and in others you can have multiple spouses. There are several different forms of marriage and different cultures practice those marriages in different ways. Marriage brings about happiness but in some cases it can bring grief and disciplineRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesmother’s represent their heritage, tradition, culture, and native tongue. Their daughters; however embody America and its culture, along with language. Each mother and daughter share the emotional feeling of cultural separation between themselves a nd their relationship with each other. With their cross-cultural relationship, the daughters are at a stance with their mother, her upbringing, and wisdom. Through the mother’s stories, Amy Tan convey’s cross-cultural relationships amongst the mothers’ and daughters

Musical journey Essay Example For Students

Musical journey Essay Its indicate that- Fakir Allan Shahs people are addict to Marijuana/r and never acceptable to Fakir Allan Shah. Only for this reason He kicked out Bolo Shah/ est.. But all over the world people take it for different purpose Sometimes as medicine for extreme pain. -(strictly prohibited) That means you can not practice/ Marmot/virus with out some of the most criminal hypocrites? ¬, so called philosopher practitioner are circulating this thing and some of the anti-Muslim people are doing this politics, which is unseen for us. Only for this reason why bad people are gathering there in Skittish And they do- 1. Politics 2. Ann-socialism 3. Drugs Business 4. Prostitution 5. Grab Poor practitioners Fish of Kali Gang (which is poor useful practitioners allotment). And they kick out original Suffix from Allan Molar Shari Skittish. Even they dont get the Fish of Kali Gang which is allotted for the Suffix who will stay at the Allan Molar Shari But now a days stay at Allan Molar Shari Skittish is also a tough thing. If you have power, Dishonesty and a devoted supplier of teen girls, which they take from poor villagers can only survive and this happened by very close relatives. To a needy family telling this- we will make your Daughter or Sister a recognized well Allan Singer. Their family see day dreams that their child will be a great singer one day and they will not poor. But after that they take these girls and SE them for unseen prostitution. Which destroyed this girls life and these girls destroyed the others. Their family will never know what was happened with their child behind this. Some girls are destroyed and they never become a singer. A popular Proverb goes on, That is A families enemy is the, main key for Disaster/ The name Bolo Shah/G*1 is like this. Now a days NewBolo Shah/GIWIST is acting like that times original Old Bolo Shah-GU People cut this so called fraud practitioner long hair for any kind of criminal activities and he did very drastic crime that is, he sell around 600 underground song to (l dont want to mention the name) a party without any permission. Which is a Non-Mercy crime. In running of time this name will do most hated thing and people will know this name as But the good practitioner always keep a distance from it. They do practice at the other side of the world where no people will see only the transfer of word and Deep Meditation called- wireless connection with in Marmot/ Many of the good practitioner I talked, they are not going there in Skittish. UT they are still practicing and they can meet with Fakir Allan Shah in their Dreams. I am not trying to give any Bad impact for This sight. But its happen. So, we have to aware about this. Otherwise we people, who are practicing this Marmot/IVR-Zebu will be vanished/Titration:GTAG soon. Only the Skeleton of the Allan Molar Shari left. Few years after it will also demolished. According to Allan; Alibi is Allah, Mim letter is Ursula Lam has dual meanings One is in Shari Another meaning in Mart. Fakir Allan Shahs Philosophy for all, there is no boundary

How to do your laundry Essay Example For Students

How to do your laundry Essay Step 1: Pre-sort all your clothes. 1.Presort all clothes by colors. (whites fron darks, colors from whites)2.Sort all clothes by weight (jeans from cottons, knits from anything else)3.Make sure you can wash your clothes by looking on the tags for dry cleaning or machine wash warnings. 4.Finally, before putting clothes into washer, check to mke sure nothing is inside any pockets. (For example, candy, chapstick, money, etc.)Step 2: Selecting your Washer control buttons. 1.Estimate load size and load size knob to recommended setting. 2.Turn your water temperature knob on correct setting. a.Whites-Hot or warmb.Darks-Cold or warm3.Pre-turn your cycle setting to the right setting. (Permanent press, delicates, or normal are the most common settings.)Step 3: Start your washer1.Now that your water is filling up in your washing machine, pour in laundry detergent, liquid or powder. (note: putting detergent into load before the water is completely filled may cause white spots or fading in your clothes)2.Start to put in your dirty laundry around the outside of the agitator, do not cram or stuff. Also make sure you are putting it in evenly. 3.Close the lid by pulling down gently. 4.Make sure you know when your load is finished if you do not have a timer, therefore you can remove clothes immediately to prevent wrinkles or unnecessary color loss. 5.Press Start button. Step 4: Remove clothes from the washer and put in dryer. 1.Check all clothes tags to make sure that it is okay to place into the dryer. Then place into dryer. 2.Open lint screen, there is one in every dryer so locate it and remove the lint intoa trash can. 3.Dont forget to put the lint remover back into its designated spot. 4.If you have fabric softeners, which are highly recommended to remove static cling, then put it in with your load of laundry. Step 4: Continued5.Make sure the time/cycle setting knob is on, so then you will hear when your clothes are done drying. 6.Turn time/cycle setting knob on appropriate setting (permanent press, delicates, cottons, etc.)7.Turn time/cycle cycle setting knob on how long you estimate it is going to take for your laundry to fully and correctly dry. 8.Push start, and come back when time has passed. Step 5: Clean Up1.Fold or hang up all clothes immediately after dryer cycle is completed. Failure to do so may result in wrinkles clothes. 2.Put all detergent/softener away in original spots so your mom doesnt get mad. Conclusion: If you follow these steps we have given you, your laundry will stay fresh and new each time you wash them. Words/ Pages : 428 / 24

The Essays In Malcolm X Essay Topics - The Essays About A Revolutionary African American

The Essays In Malcolm X Essay Topics - The Essays About A Revolutionary African AmericanMalcolm X Essay Topics is nothing more than the quotations that you will find in the works of this man. He was a black man who left his heritage and culture behind in order to make a name for himself in America. His life style was non-conformist and his method of teaching and thinking were unorthodox.One thing that is interesting about Malcolm X is that he was a fighter for civil rights as well as being a civil rights leader in the South, but he was also an author as well. That is to say, he had a number of essays that he wrote which also influenced a number of black writers. These are all included in his personal library. Some of these essays are listed below.There are four original drafts of the autobiography that have been put together and reprinted by Ava J. Spivak, and then there are the rewritten drafts that are currently in print by Michael Brown. You can tell from the finished book that th e original story and characters have been changed slightly, and that the experiences of black men have been highlighted, but the content of the essay is unchanged. Each version of the essay contains the same message.If you want to see what Michael Brown has done with Malcolm X Essay Topics, you need to check out his book, which is published by the New Press. The book includes Malcolm X Biography - The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Michael Brown. This book provides an in-depth look at one of the most important figures in American history. You will learn about Malcolm's political philosophies, his social work, his religious beliefs, and much more.The essays in Malcolm X Essay Topics provide more than just a list of quotes, but they provide an insight into a brilliant mind that only his writings alone can provide. For those who like to use quotes, Malcolm X Essay Topics is the best place to get them.If you want to read an edited version of Malcolm X Essay Topics, then check out Michael Brown's revised edition of The Autobiography of Malcolm X. While the book is still considered to be the definitive version, this is still a book that has been made even more complete through editing and adding more essays. Not only do you get an English-language version, but you also get an audio book version as well.In addition to this book, Michael Brown has also written a series of works that he calls The Inner Workings of Malcolm X Essay Topics. These are written in his signature style and contain the same insights that are found in the autobiography.

Epic Of Gilgamesh Essays (742 words) - Epic Of Gilgamesh, Enkidu

Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay over The Epic of Gilgamesh The main character in the book The Epic of Gilgamesh is Gilgamesh himself. In the beginning of the book one realizes that Gilgamesh is an arrogant person. Gilgamesh is full of himself and abuses his rights as king. He has sexual intercourse with the virgins of his town and acts as though he is a god. Although some readers of this classic book may say that Gilgamesh does not change from the beginning of the book, it can easily be interpreted the other way. Throughout the book, many things cause Gilgamesh to change. He gains a friend, he makes a name for himself by killing Humbaba, and he tries to become immortal because of the death of Enkidu. Through these main actions his personality changes and he becomes a better person. First, the quest for immortality after the death of Enkidu shows that Gilgamesh has changed. Gilgamesh becomes frightened when he realizes that he isn't immortal. After the death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh tries to find immortality by trying to cross the ocean to find it. He sounds pathetic as he rambles of his reason for trying to find everlasting life. His state of being at this part in the book, which is the end, is completely different from his arrogant beginning of this epic. Gilgamesh has gone from arrogant to scared. Second, the death of Humbaba changes Gilgamesh. Humbaba is evil. Many people who live in the city of Uruk fear Gilgamesh. Most would say that Gilgamesh himself is, in fact, evil. He has sex with the virgins, he does what he wants, and he tends to offend the gods. He has lots of problems with Ishtar. By going into the forest and facing Humbaba, Gilgamesh makes a name for himself and changes the views of the people in his city. This is a very arguable point. Yes, the past of Gilgamesh does not change, but the great deed of killing Humbaba, makes him a better person because he protects his city. This is another arguable point. Most would say he does this only to make a name for himself, but that is not the case. Gilgamesh does this because of his love for Enkidu and his people; he has changed from the beginning of the epic. Finally and most importantly, the main reason that Gilgamesh changes from the beginning of the book is the friendship that he has with Enkidu. Enkidu is made to make Gilgamesh more human. In the first paragraph of the book the gods are angry with Gilgamesh and send down an equal of himself, they send down Enkidu. After becoming friends, Gilgamesh changes because he has an equal to be with. Enkidu and Gilgamesh become as close as brothers. Because of this, a very arguable point comes up. Were Enkidu and Gilgamesh lovers? The answer is obviously yes. What points in the book show this? They go to sleep holding hands, Gilgamesh loves Enkidu like a woman, and Gilgamesh goes almost insane after the death of Enkidu. The point of Enkidu being a lover of Gilgamesh is very important. It allows the reader to understand the reasoning of Gilgamesh changing. There are no changes in Gilgamesh as a person until Enkidu enters the picture. Obviously he is the reason for all eventual changes in the personality and manhood of Gilgamesh. If the belief and understanding of Gilgamesh and Enkidu being much more than good friends is present, then the understanding of why Gilgamesh changes in the book is also present. If Gilgamesh is just friends with Enkidu some change is possible, but not almost total recall as Gilgamesh does in the book. People change more if there is sex involved and there is a deep relationship. In order to make Enkidu happy, Gilgamesh has to change, and he does, throughout their relationship. In reflection, although some people would say that Gilgamesh does not change from the beginning of the book The Epic of Gilgamesh, the better understanding of the book reveals that, in fact, Gilgamesh does change from the beginning of the book to the end. The personality of Gilgamesh changes for three distinct reasons. First, Gilgamesh changes in

Pro- Choice essays

Pro- Choice essays Over the last forty years, the question over abortion rights has been a highly debated social issue in our country. The Pro-choice movement began with a primary goal of legalizing abortion, and after this was achieved, continued to defend itself against the counter movements that rose in the late 70s. This movement enjoyed a level of successes that was not felt by other movements of the time. As highlighted in The Pro-Choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict, Suzanne Staggenborg examines the many factors contributing to the movement. While reading and researching this book and other pro-choice movement materials, some themes have arose that give insight into the successes of this movement despite its turmoiulous road. Devoted leadership, strong organizations and grass-root support, combined with motivation from the threats of the anti-abortion counter movement, enabled the pro-choice movement to remain an active force before and after legalization. The emergence of the pro-choice movement did not occur via the usual social movement roots. The early pro choice movement emerged from concerned physicians who wanted to help legalize abortions and keep the practice safe. Published articles began to appear in the 1950s and early 60s that roused public attention on the need for the abortion law reforms. Two major events were specifically covered; the case of Sherri Finkbine who had taken a drug that could cause fetal defects and attempted to get an illegal abortion, and the epidemic of rubella measles that could also cause fetal defects. This forced doctors to confront their different views over abortion. The earliest organization to develop was the Association for the Study of Abortion (ASA). Although it began small, the ASA was important in lending credibility and authority to the early years of the abortion movement. The ASA was a major player in developing other organizations for abortion ...

Social work Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social work - Personal Statement Example My discussion topics slowly by slowly changed and all my talk began to be around the issues that the society encounters. The quest to serve brought a lot of detachment from friends and family. At times I encountered very moving issues that I kept thinking about till late in the night, losing sleep in the process. As a result, the level of productivity began to dwindle. This was enough evidence of leading a stressed life. To counter this, I found it necessary to separate personal life from work related issues. This was made possible by adhering to work schedule and exiting work when time was up. At first it felt like I was neglecting some needy members of the society but with time I adjusted. Creating time for family and friends also helped to separate work from personal life and increase productivity. According to Kossek & Lautsch (2008), creating a proper work-life balance increases the overall productivity of workers. Having many friends is always something that many people want and crave for. Having that one friend who you can rely on at all times is even more important. As a social worker in a relationship, I have always had someone with whom I can share challenging issues. This has been an added advantage and a way to prevent accumulation of stress. According to Merelo GuervoÃŒ s (2002), sharing disturbing issues with someone who is ready to listen prevents the possibility of the issues to be stressful. Sharing problems is to some extent a way of solving problems. This relationship has aided the performance at work, since it helps to develop a feeling that there is someone who trusts in you and one who can always be there to help whenever faced with challenges. As much as having many friends has a lot of benefits, it also has its negative implications. This is especially where some friends are out to take advantage of

Balancing school work while maintaining full time employment with Essay

Balancing school work while maintaining full time employment with Wellpoint - Essay Example Now we should distribute the remaining 9 hours. It is quiet important to set clear priorities and outline a strict schedule. Workload is different in different semesters, but nonetheless, it would be better not to delay the tasks. On average for the beginning of the learning process 3-4 hours (for example, 6:15 pm-9:15 pm) a day may be a sufficient term. Most likely it engages in the evening (for example, Tuesdays and Thursdays) that unfortunately will affect the efficiency of employment, but to work a little every day is much easier than to deal with the whole information during twenty-four hours. This time on Monday, Wednesday, Fridays, plus weekends we use for revising the material. Of the remaining hours, two of them will be spent on â€Å"work-home† way and the associated shopping. If you do not cook at home, then 1.5-2 hours will be enough for taking meals. Half an hour will be taken for the procedures which you could not refuse in any case, for example, taking shower. The rest hours will be used for the family needs and force majeure during the week. So, the week time would be divided nearly like

Principles Of Systems Analysis Information Technology Essay

Principles Of Systems Analysis Information Technology Essay This assignment will discuss the principles of systems analysis and then two different methodologies used in the systems analysis process when designing computer systems. It will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the two methodologies. It will also show which method is the most appropriate for the case study. Finally it will also show a PowerPoint presentation of key drivers which force business organisation to invest in a new computer system. P1- Principles of Systems Analysis Development life cycles Development life cycle models identify the stages to which processes must be carried out in order to develop a successful system. Depending on the type of business that are requiring the new system, and the type of system they are hoping to have by the end, accounts for the type of model chosen to be used in order to build the system. Types of development life cycles include: waterfall model, rapid applications design (RAD), spiral model, the systems analysis and design (SAD), dynamic systems development methodology (DSDM) Development life cycles have different stages. For example, Development methodologies Methodologies are a way of structuring the development process of a computer system. They are the framework which is followed in order to make a system successful. Tools and techniques that can be used in order to develop a system include: Data flow diagrams: these outline the processes which happen between the business and its clients or customers, external systems and external organisations in order to identify the activities which will be taking place within the system along with the information which will be flowing within the system. CASE Tools: computer aided software engineering (CASE) tools aim to support the diagram designs and to make checks and changes where required. CASE tools have different uses. These include: diagram validation, diagram creation as well as report and code generating. Key drivers Key drivers force businesses to invest in a new computer system in order to improve or upgrade their current one. Some examples of key drivers include: the computers being too old, the current system no longer meeting government requirements, close competitors having better systems, the need for improved efficiency, or the business wanting to grow and expand. P2- Methodologies The waterfall model The waterfall model is a systems development cycle which identifies each stage the development of a system must go through. Initiation and planning Investigation Analysis Design Implementation Testing Maintenance Initiation and planning- is where all the businesses needs are taken into account as well as reviewing the current system to decide what exactly needs to be done to the system. If the initiation and planning stage is not carried out, it likely that the project will be unsuccessful. Investigation- this is the stage where the final decision is made about what exactly needs to be done to the system where factors such as budget and time are taken into consideration. Analysis- this is the stage where all the data needed to create or modify the system is collected. An initial idea is also considered and is sometimes tried out in order to see if there is a possibility of it working before the actual designing of the new system takes place. Design this stage works alongside the analysis to decide upon the best way to either create or modify the system. Here is where ideas are identified that was not noticed before, and others can be crossed off as not possible. Implementation all the work required to create the new system are separated into units. The software is the engineered by being written and coded so that the system can understand, before being debugged and the process of troubleshooting takes place. Testing this is the stage where each unit is trialled to see that it works with the other units as well as ensuring that the new system meets the specification originally set. Maintenance This is the stage which comes into sight only after the system is up and running. Some problems only occur once the system starts being practically used so during the maintenance stage, errors which have been found are corrected and the system can be modified accurately to fulfil its requirements. Also, the system can be constantly maintained so as not to need a brand new one, but can be updated in order to improve the systems efficiency when it starts to decline. P3- Advantages: Each stage can be given a deadline to be completed allowing the business knowing exactly when their system will be completed. Each stage is clear and they do not overlap making tasks that need to be carried out clear. This order ensures things are not left out, forgotten or left unfinished Disadvantages: Once the development has moved on from one stage from the next, it is difficult to go back and make amendments due to the waterfall model not being flexible. All specifications need to be made at the beginning, once the designing begins, changes cannot be made meaning once the client has submitted their request, they cannot build on or adapt it. P2- Rapid Applications Development (RAD) Like the waterfall model, the rapid applications development model is a model which identifies stages in which system goes through in order to be effectively developed. However, it is a more flexible development model compared with the waterfall model. Prototype Test Assess Design Design this is where the specification for the new system is made and an image can be drawn up of what is expected of the new system. Vitalities for the new system are taken into account and the professional work alongside the business to design a system to match all of the businesses requirements. Prototype a scaled down system is created and trialled in order to represent what the final finished system will be like. This helps to identify any minor adjustments that need to be made before the new, final system is put in place. These are usually built on and used in the final system helping to speed up the development of the new system. Test the system is tested to ensure everything works as it should as well as making sure all the requirements have been met and nothing was left out or forgotten. This is important as some things arent clear until the system is finished and starts being used for its purpose. Assess this is the stage where it is decided whether the system is fully suitable for use or whether it requires some modifications and more designing before it is completely ready to fulfil the purposes to which the business requires of it. P3- Advantages: The RAD Model is adaptable to changes and is fairly flexible The prototype stage allows a clear insight into what the final system will be like and allows changes to be made before the system is finalised The system development using the RAD model is generally quite short. There is a strong success rate due to the number of times the product is reviewed before it is made final. Reusing the created prototypes helps to reduce project cost and so keeping the budget low Disadvantages: Due to being created for just one particular need, if later on it is decided that the system needs to be expanded further or made bigger, it is difficult due to only being created specifically for a sole purpose. Is most successful when being used to build upon a current system. It is not ideal for larger businesses and projects I think that for in the case of the Selchester Hotel, it would best for them to use the Rapid Applications Development model rather than the Waterfall model. This is because it is more cost effective due to being able to build upon the current system rather than having to begin from scratch which also makes RAD a much quicker development model to use. The hotel is in constant demand of its clients and so cannot have its system unavailable for long periods of time. Also, although generally the RAD model isnt ideal for larger businesses, it allows adaptations to be made later on in the development which could be vital due to the hotel gaining or losing competition and so needing to enhance their systems to cope with their new circumstances. Finally, having prototypes created allows the hotel to be confident that their new system will be successful before it is finished and to be able to see what the final system will be like.