Principles Of Systems Analysis Information Technology Essay

Principles Of Systems Analysis Information Technology Essay This assignment will discuss the principles of systems analysis and then two different methodologies used in the systems analysis process when designing computer systems. It will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the two methodologies. It will also show which method is the most appropriate for the case study. Finally it will also show a PowerPoint presentation of key drivers which force business organisation to invest in a new computer system. P1- Principles of Systems Analysis Development life cycles Development life cycle models identify the stages to which processes must be carried out in order to develop a successful system. Depending on the type of business that are requiring the new system, and the type of system they are hoping to have by the end, accounts for the type of model chosen to be used in order to build the system. Types of development life cycles include: waterfall model, rapid applications design (RAD), spiral model, the systems analysis and design (SAD), dynamic systems development methodology (DSDM) Development life cycles have different stages. For example, Development methodologies Methodologies are a way of structuring the development process of a computer system. They are the framework which is followed in order to make a system successful. Tools and techniques that can be used in order to develop a system include: Data flow diagrams: these outline the processes which happen between the business and its clients or customers, external systems and external organisations in order to identify the activities which will be taking place within the system along with the information which will be flowing within the system. CASE Tools: computer aided software engineering (CASE) tools aim to support the diagram designs and to make checks and changes where required. CASE tools have different uses. These include: diagram validation, diagram creation as well as report and code generating. Key drivers Key drivers force businesses to invest in a new computer system in order to improve or upgrade their current one. Some examples of key drivers include: the computers being too old, the current system no longer meeting government requirements, close competitors having better systems, the need for improved efficiency, or the business wanting to grow and expand. P2- Methodologies The waterfall model The waterfall model is a systems development cycle which identifies each stage the development of a system must go through. Initiation and planning Investigation Analysis Design Implementation Testing Maintenance Initiation and planning- is where all the businesses needs are taken into account as well as reviewing the current system to decide what exactly needs to be done to the system. If the initiation and planning stage is not carried out, it likely that the project will be unsuccessful. Investigation- this is the stage where the final decision is made about what exactly needs to be done to the system where factors such as budget and time are taken into consideration. Analysis- this is the stage where all the data needed to create or modify the system is collected. An initial idea is also considered and is sometimes tried out in order to see if there is a possibility of it working before the actual designing of the new system takes place. Design this stage works alongside the analysis to decide upon the best way to either create or modify the system. Here is where ideas are identified that was not noticed before, and others can be crossed off as not possible. Implementation all the work required to create the new system are separated into units. The software is the engineered by being written and coded so that the system can understand, before being debugged and the process of troubleshooting takes place. Testing this is the stage where each unit is trialled to see that it works with the other units as well as ensuring that the new system meets the specification originally set. Maintenance This is the stage which comes into sight only after the system is up and running. Some problems only occur once the system starts being practically used so during the maintenance stage, errors which have been found are corrected and the system can be modified accurately to fulfil its requirements. Also, the system can be constantly maintained so as not to need a brand new one, but can be updated in order to improve the systems efficiency when it starts to decline. P3- Advantages: Each stage can be given a deadline to be completed allowing the business knowing exactly when their system will be completed. Each stage is clear and they do not overlap making tasks that need to be carried out clear. This order ensures things are not left out, forgotten or left unfinished Disadvantages: Once the development has moved on from one stage from the next, it is difficult to go back and make amendments due to the waterfall model not being flexible. All specifications need to be made at the beginning, once the designing begins, changes cannot be made meaning once the client has submitted their request, they cannot build on or adapt it. P2- Rapid Applications Development (RAD) Like the waterfall model, the rapid applications development model is a model which identifies stages in which system goes through in order to be effectively developed. However, it is a more flexible development model compared with the waterfall model. Prototype Test Assess Design Design this is where the specification for the new system is made and an image can be drawn up of what is expected of the new system. Vitalities for the new system are taken into account and the professional work alongside the business to design a system to match all of the businesses requirements. Prototype a scaled down system is created and trialled in order to represent what the final finished system will be like. This helps to identify any minor adjustments that need to be made before the new, final system is put in place. These are usually built on and used in the final system helping to speed up the development of the new system. Test the system is tested to ensure everything works as it should as well as making sure all the requirements have been met and nothing was left out or forgotten. This is important as some things arent clear until the system is finished and starts being used for its purpose. Assess this is the stage where it is decided whether the system is fully suitable for use or whether it requires some modifications and more designing before it is completely ready to fulfil the purposes to which the business requires of it. P3- Advantages: The RAD Model is adaptable to changes and is fairly flexible The prototype stage allows a clear insight into what the final system will be like and allows changes to be made before the system is finalised The system development using the RAD model is generally quite short. There is a strong success rate due to the number of times the product is reviewed before it is made final. Reusing the created prototypes helps to reduce project cost and so keeping the budget low Disadvantages: Due to being created for just one particular need, if later on it is decided that the system needs to be expanded further or made bigger, it is difficult due to only being created specifically for a sole purpose. Is most successful when being used to build upon a current system. It is not ideal for larger businesses and projects I think that for in the case of the Selchester Hotel, it would best for them to use the Rapid Applications Development model rather than the Waterfall model. This is because it is more cost effective due to being able to build upon the current system rather than having to begin from scratch which also makes RAD a much quicker development model to use. The hotel is in constant demand of its clients and so cannot have its system unavailable for long periods of time. Also, although generally the RAD model isnt ideal for larger businesses, it allows adaptations to be made later on in the development which could be vital due to the hotel gaining or losing competition and so needing to enhance their systems to cope with their new circumstances. Finally, having prototypes created allows the hotel to be confident that their new system will be successful before it is finished and to be able to see what the final system will be like.

George Lucas: One of the greatest filmmakers Essay -- essays research

George Lucas: One of the greatest film makers â€Å"With the exception of maybe a handful of people, no one has made an impact on the movie making world like George Lucas has. With hundred of hours of film with his mark out there, Lucas has amazed his audiences time and time again with expert story telling† (The Gods of Filmmaking). George Lucas has written, directed, and produced countless films, many of which are some of today’s most highly regarded films by critics all over the world. â€Å"George Lucas’s devotion to timeless storytelling and cutting-edge innovation has resulted in some of the most successful and beloved films of all time† (Inside Lucas Film). George Lucas is one of the greatest writers of his time, one of the best directors of his time, and has paved the way in visual and audio effects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Lucas is widely believed to be one of the greatest writers of his time. He has written many movies that have won academy awards such as THX 1138, The Star Wars Trilogy, American Graffiti, and Indiana Jones. George Lucas has not only written Movie he has also written a couple of TV series such as The Young Indiana Jones and a cartoon version of Star Wars. George Lucas has also written many Sci Fi short films and many Sci Fi books.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Lucas wrote the move Star Wars in the late 1970’s. â€Å"The film became and international success because of its creative special effects, appealing characters, and suspenseful story of good versus evil† (World Book 513). The original Star Wars garnered 8 Academy Awards for George Lucas. He did not stop at just making one Star Wars movie, George Lucas went on to make 2 sequels, both written by George Lucas, by 1983. The first sequel he wrote was â€Å"The Empire Strikes Back† in 1980, which was nominated for a PEO award in 1981 and took the Academy award in 1980 for sound. In 1983 Lucas gave it another go by releasing â€Å"The Return of the Jedi† which did not win any awards but was nominated for best film in the 1984 PEO awards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1973 Lucas co-wrote American Graffiti with Gloria Katz. â€Å"The film was Lucas’s homage to the memories of his own teenage years in Modesto, California, and remembered with vintage cars and dragsters; drive ins, an almost non-stop rock soundtrack, teenage activities, and characteristic hair and clothing style†(Greatest Fil... ...ts Entertainment Co. does not only make game it also creates novels, toys, clothes, board games, and etc. based on Star Wars and other Lucas Film products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see George Lucas is one of the greatest writers of his time, one of the best directors of his time, and has paved the way in visual and audio effects. He has created some of the greatest films of all time and is an innovator in creating new and exciting ideas. George Lucas has taken his success and expanded it to provide entertainment to people all over the world. He hasn’t just settled for enough he’s pushed the limits of his imagination and created things people never thought possible. Works Cited â€Å"American Graffiti†. Greatest Films. March 19, 2005 . â€Å"George Lucas†. The Gods of Film Makking. March 19, 2005 . â€Å"George Lucas†. World Book. 2004 Ed. â€Å"Geroge Lucas† Geroge Lucas Biogrpahy. March 8, 2005 . â€Å"Geroge Lucas†. George Lucas Bio. March 8, 2005 . â€Å"Geroge Lucas†. Inside Lucas Film. March 19, 2005 . Kline, Sally. Geroge Lucas Interviews. New York: International Press, 2000 â€Å"Raiders of the Lost Ark†. Movie Gazette. March 19, 2005 . â€Å"Star Wars†. Movie Gazette. March 19, 2005 .

Has our Political System Succeeded? Essay

Our political system originally began with the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776. Following that document were the Articles of Confederation, which were adopted in 1777. This was the first attempt to set up a government. Then came our Constitution in 1787, which was made into three plans. These were the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and then the Connecticut compromise. The four things our Constitution accomplished were indirect democracy, limited government, checks and majority rule, and an outline of what the different branches of government do. Our nation’s two main parties are Republican and Democrat. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828, and our Republican party was founded in 1854. Since 1856, these have been the only major parties. Our political system has succeeded in many ways. One way would be our checks and balances within the federal government and on a local level. Provisions have been made and improved over the years to regulate proper placement of funds and equal rights with citizens. The root of our political system begins with congress. The main responsibilities of congress are making laws, overseeing the FBI and CIA, casework, representing their districts, setting an agenda, and conflict resolution. Our society has relied upon a bicameral system, where there have been a House of Representatives and a Senate for well over 100 years. Some of the responsibilities of the House of Representatives include reviewing bills and beginning the impeachment process. The Senate’s duties include giving advice and consenting on treaties, conducting impeachment trials, and appointing upper-level judicial officers. Where I feel our political system has not done so well is with bureaucrats. Bureaucracy has some positive aspects like specialization, making sure rules and regulations are carried out, and neutrality. There are two types of bureaucrats. The first one is a civil servant who is hired based on merit, and the second one is a political appointee who is selected based on whom they know. It is a common issue that bureaucrats are given too much power and that they abuse those powers, which causes flaws in our political system. It does, however, seem that bureaucrats are vital for the functioning of any political system; they are generally not well liked, though. Several attempts to reform bureaucracy have been made, such as the Sunshine laws, which are laws that dictated that agencies have to be conducted in the public eye. Sunset laws are congressional reviews that are conducted over existing programs to determine laws and their effectiveness. Privatization is another reform where the government turns over more jobs to private sectors. A good change for our society was when the Government Performacy and Results Act of 1997 was introduced. This sought to improve governmental efficiency by making agencies describe their goals and create mechanisms for evaluating their goals. Another is called the Whistle Blowers Act. This was an attempt to encourage federal bureaucrats to report any mishandling of funds, fraud, and waste going on in their own and other agencies. Out of that act, the office of special council was created. Overall, our political system has proven to be stable and has succeeded. Of course, there are going to be positive and negative aspects, but, in the end, for what our nation has had to deal with in the past 228 years, we have done far better than any other country.

How Shakespeare Develops the Relationship between Benedick...

How Shakespeare Develops the Relationship between Benedick and Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing During Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick and Beatrice certainly have an exceedingly tempestuous relationship that goes through many stages through the play. In Act I, Scene 1, it seems that they have met before, as Beatrice says she â€Å"know[s him] of old† (l.107), which could imply that they were in a relationship before the war Benedick has just returned from at the beginning of the play. Although she acts as though she hates Benedick when she is talking to him, Beatrice seems to care for him before he returns, as she asks the messenger who brings the news of the returning soldiers if â€Å"Signor†¦show more content†¦The second main scene for examining the relationship’s development is the masked ball, where Benedick and Beatrice dance with one another, whilst Benedick wears a mask. This scene is not only important from a textual point of view, but it is also because of the possibilities for the mise-en-scà ¨ne. A director in producing this scene may consider the many possibilities in the ways he could make the Benedick and Beatrice characters act towards each other singularly, and how they move together. As this scene is set at a masked ball with the sets of dancing characters moving into the main focal point of the scene one after the other, Benedick and Beatrice would be dancing also. There are two ways in which Benedick and Beatrice could dance together, and these could give different views of how they are together. If they danced badly, with Benedick treading on Beatrice’s toes, for example, it would show how they were bad together and how their relationship doesn’t really work. If they danced well, it would show how they worked well together, and they were meant to be together, as it would show how they could act together as a single unit. 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